Four Meanings of Pronominal Verbs
For a quick initial view of pronominal verbs (including conjugation of the present indicative) see Tex’s French Grammar. For the complete conjugation of a pronominal verb, see se parler. See also Language topics Imperative of Pronominal Verbs, Pronominal Verbs and Agreement of Past Participles and the Language file Some Pronominal Verbs of Note.
Table of Contents
1. Reflexive Meaning (sens réfléchi)
The subject and the pronoun object refer to the same person. The action “returns” to the subject:
A VERBS A (her/him/itself)
- Estelle se regardait dans la glace. (E. was looking at herself in the mirror.)
- Dans le Vieillard et la mer, Hemingway s’est parodié lui-même. (In The Old Man and the Sea, H. parodied himself.)
- Je me suis écrit une longue lettre. (I wrote myself a long letter.)
- Elles se sont tuées. (They killed themselves.)
- Elles se sont tues. (They grew silent. = They quietened themselves [se taire, past participle tu].)
- Nous nous lèverons avant l’aube. (We shall rise [lift ourselves] before dawn.)
- Elle va se marier avec ce Monsieur. (She is going to marry [marry herself with] this gentleman.)
- Asseyez-vous. (Sit down. [Seat yourself.])
2. Reciprocal Meaning (sens réciproque)
Two or more persons take turns as subject and object. The verb is always plural (or on = nous plus 3rd-person verb).
A VERBS B, B VERBS A → A & B VERB Each Other
- Elles se regardaient fixement. (They were looking at each other fixedly.)
- Aimez-vous les uns les autres. (Love one another.)
- Ils se sont écrit des lettres pleines de passion. (They wrote each other passionate letters.)
- Nous nous retrouverons devant le cinéma. (We will meet [find each other again] in front of the cinema.)
- Où va-t-on se retrouver? (Where are we going to meet [find each other again]?)
- Où vous êtes-vous rencontrés? (Where did you meet [encounter each other]?)
- Vous détestez-vous depuis longtemps? (Have you hated each other a long time?)
Ambiguity : Reflexive or Reciprocal?
Some pronominal verbs can have either a reflexive or a reciprocal meaning.
- Ils s’aiment. = “They love each other OR They love themselves.”
If the context does not remove the ambiguity, there are other ways to do so:
Sens Réfléchi | Sens Réciproque | |
Ils s’aiment. | Ils s’aiment eux-mêmes. | Ils s’aiment l’un l’autre. |
Ils s’aiment les uns les autres. | ||
Ils s’aiment réciproquement. | ||
Ils se parlent. | Ils se parlent à eux-mêmes. | Ils se parlent l’un à l’autre. |
Ils se parlent les uns aux autres. | ||
Ils se parlent réciproquement. |
3. Passive Meaning (sens passif)
This is a figurative use of the reflexive. Most often the subject is not a person.
A VERBS A → A IS VERBED
- Où se trouve la Frédonie? (Where is Freedonia? [Where does Freedonia find itself?])
- L’américain se parle ici. (American is spoken here. [American speaks itself here.])
- Cela ne se fait pas. (That just isn’t done [by decent folk].)
- Cela ne se dit pas en français. (You can’t say that in French [and what sensible person would want to?].)
- Ce livre se vend uniquement dans des librairies de luxe. (This book is sold [sells itself] only in top-drawer bookstores.)
- Ces travaux s’effectueront à partir du dix mars. (This work will be accomplished, take place, be done [they will effectuate themselves] beginning March 10.)
- Cela s’explique facilement. (That can be explained easily.)
- «Je n’ai jamais visité la France. —Cela s’entend à votre français.» (“I have never visited France.” “That can be heard from [in] your French.”)
4. Idiomatic or Subjective Meaning (sens subjectif)
These verbs are strictly untranslatable. The reflexive pronoun is (arbitrarily) treated as if it were a direct object.
For a longer discussion of many verbs of this type, see the Language file Some Pronominal Verbs of Note.
- se souvenir de: ♬ Te souviens-tu de la Maison Dorée? ♫(Do you remember the Maison Dorée?)
- se passer: Qu’est-ce qui se passe? (What’s happening?)
- se passer de: Je ne peux pas me passer de tes caresses. (I can’t do without your caresses.)
- se douter de/que: Je m’en doutais. (I thought so! [se douter de = to suspect])
- s’attendre à: Je ne m’y attendais pas. (I wasn’t expecting that.)
- s’agir de: Dans ce livre, il s’agit de trois orphelins qui deviennent rock-stars. (This book is about three orphan… = In this book, it is a matter of three orphans…)
- il se peut: Il se peut que tu aies raison = Il est possible que tu aies raison. (It is possible that you are right.)
- s’en aller: Il faut que je m’en aille. (I gotta go.)
- s’évader de: Elle s’est évadée de prison. (She escaped from prison.)
- s’échapper de: Ces mots s’échappèrent de sa bouche. (These words escaped from his mouth.)
- s’apercevoir de: Elle marcha sur le pied de son partenaire sans s’en apercevoir. (She walked on her partner’s foot without realizing it.)
Quasi-Idiomatic (but not really)
These are really understandable, if you start with the reflexive meaning, but the standard English translations will not be (or not seem) reflexive at all.
se rappeller qc | “remember s-th” (reflexive: “recall something to oneself”) |
se demander qc | “wonder” (reflexive: ask oneself something) |
se plaindre de | “complain about s-th” (reflexive: bewail oneself about) |
se dépêcher | “hurry” (reflexive: hurry oneself) |
se réveiller, se lever, se laver, se coucher | “wake up” (reflexive: wake oneself), “get up” (raise oneself), “wash” (wash oneself), “go to bed” (bed oneself) |
some get expressions: | se préparer (get ready), s’enivrer (get drunk), se marier (get married), se faire à=s’habituer à (get used to), se faire + adj (get + adj, e.g. Il se fait tard=“It’s getting late”) |
se tromper | “be mistaken” (reflexive: fool oneself) |
se rendre compte (de) | “to realize, become aware of” (to render an account to oneself of/about) |

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